Binary Adder & Subtractor – Construction, Types & Applications

Digital Binary Adder & Subtractor

What is Binary Adder ?

A digital binary adder is a digital device that adds two binary numbers and gives its sum in binary format.

The two numbers to be added are known as “Augand” and “Addend”. The first number in addition is occasionally referred as “Augand”.

Digital adders are mostly used in computer’s ALU (Arithmetic logic unit) to compute addition. Digital calculators use adders for athematic addition. Micro controllers use adders in arithmetic additions,PC (program counter) and timers etc. Every device that uses some kind of increment or arithmetic process contains adders.

The building block of digital adder is Half Adder. Half adders come together to form full adder.

We will briefly discuss them one by one.

Types of Binary Adder & Subtractor

We will discuss one by one as follow:

Half Adder

Half adder can add 2 single bit numbers.

Consider the two numbers A, B, and the output being “Sum” and “carry”.

Truth Table

The truth table of half adder is given below.

 

half adder truth table

Half Adder using Discrete Logic Gates

Sum

According to the truth table of half adder and the K-map, the SOP expression for “Sum” is:

Sum       =          A̅B + AB̅

Schematic for “Sum” using discrete logic gates is given below.

Schematic for “Sum” using discrete logic gates

The expression for “Sum” is same as XOR with input A and B so it can be replaced with a single XOR gate as shown below:

Sum       =       A XOR B

XOR gate

Carry

According to the truth table of half adder the SOP expression for “Carry” is:

Carry     =       AB

“Carry” is AND of input A,B as shown below.

Construction of Half Adder

Complete half adder is made by combining “sum” and “carry” schematic as shown in figure below;

Half adder

Half Adder using Universal Gates
Half Adder using NAND Gates

NAND gate is a Universal gate which means any kind of logic gate or function can be implemented with NAND gate.

SOP (Sum of products) expression can easily get implemented with NAND gates.

Sum

SOP expression for“Sum of half adder”.

Sum       =             A̅B + AB̅

(Sum)’    =            (A̅B + AB̅)’

(Sum)’    =            {(A̅B)’ & (AB̅)’}

(Sum)’    =            [ { (A &A)’&B}’ & {A &(B & B)’}’]

Sum       =            [ { (A &A)’&B}’ & {A &(B & B)’}’]’

This expression for “sum” can be implemented using NAND gates as shown below:

SOP expression for Sum of half adder using NAND Gate

Carry

SOP expression for “half adder’s carry” output is :

Carry     =             AB

(Carry)’  =             (AB)’

Carry     =             (AB)’’

In other word INVERT of NAND gate is AND gate, and schematic of “Carry” using NAND gate is given below.

Half adder

NOW we will combine these two schematics to make half adder using NAND gates.

half adder using NAND gates

Half Adder using NOR Gate

NOR gate is also a universal gate and POS (product of sums) expressions can easily be implemented using NOR gates.

Sum

According to half adder truth table, POS expression for the sum is:

Sum       =               (A̅+B̅) & (A+B)

(Sum)’    =             {(A̅+B̅) & (A+B)}’

(Sum)’    =             {(A̅+B̅)’ + (A+B)’}

Sum       =             {(A̅+B̅)’ + (A+B)’}’

Sum       =             [{(A+A)’+ (B+B)’}’ + (A+B)’]’

Schematic of “Sum” using NOR gates are given below:

Half Adder Schematic of “Sum” using NOR gates

Carry

Expression for “carry” is

Carry     =             AB

(Carry)’  =             (AB)’

(Carry)’  =             (A’+B’)

Carry     =             (A’+B’)’

Carry     =             {(A+A)’+(B+B)’}’

The schematic for “Carry” using NOR gates is given below:

Half adder Schematic using NOR Gates

Now if we combined these two schematics together it will form half adder using NOR gates.

half adder using NOR gates

Half adder can add only two 1-bit numbers and it cannot add the third number (carry) which comes from previous numbers addition which is why it is known as HALF ADDER.

It cannot be used for addition of more than 1-bit.

Full Adder

A full adder can add numbers with carry from previous additions.

It consists of 3 inputs. 2 inputs being “Augend” and “addend” and the third one is “carry in” from previous additions.

It has 2 output;“Sum” and Cout as carry out.

Consider 2 numbers A,B, and Cin as input and “sum”, Cout as output.

Truth Table

Truth table of full adder is given below;

full adder Truth Table

Sum

According to the truth table of a full adder, the SOP expression for “Sum” is:

Sum       =             C̅inA̅B + C̅inAB̅ + CinA̅B̅ + CinAB

Sum       =             C̅in(A̅B + AB̅) + Cin(A̅B̅ + AB)

Sum       =             C̅in(A XOR B) + Cin(A XNOR B)

Sum       =             C̅in(A XOR B) + Cin(A̅̅ X̅O̅R̅̅ B̅)

Sum       =             CinXOR (A XOR B)

Schematic Diagrams of Full Adders

According to this expression schematic for full adder’s Sum is.

According to Karnaugh’s map for Sum given below, there is no pair so the expression will be same and cannot be minimized;

Full Adder Karnaugh’s map for Sum

Carry out

Full Adder using truth table

According to the full adders truth table, SOP expression for Cout is

Cout              =             C̅inAB + CinA̅B + CinAB̅ + CinAB

Cout              =             C̅inAB + CinAB   + CinA̅B + CinAB̅

Cout              =             AB(C̅in + Cin)   + Cin(A̅B + AB̅)

Cout              =             AB + Cin(A XOR B)

Schematic for Cout is given below

Schematic for Cout using full adders truth table

Full Adder using Karnaugh Map

According to karnaugh’s map for C­out the expression will be:

karnaugh’s map for C­out

Cout              =           AB + CinB + CinA

Cout             =            AB + Cin(A+B)

Schematic for Cout using karnaugh map’s expression

Schematic for Cout using karnaugh map’s expression

The schematics of Full adder are shown in the figures below:

Full Adder using individual half adders

A full adder can be implemented using two half adders in cascaded setup.

A half adders output is:

HA_Sum                 =             (A XOR B)            =             A̅B + AB̅

HA_C                     =              AB

Half adder sum is denoted by HA_sum and carry out is denoted by HA_C

Full adder output expression is:

Sum                        =             CinXOR (A XOR B)

Sum                        =             CinXOR (HA_sum_1)                (HA_sum_1; sum of first half adder whose input is A,B)

Sum                        =             HA_sum_2                               (HA_sum_2; sum of second half adder whose input is HA_sum_1 and Cin)

Cout                        =             AB + Cin(A XOR B)

Cout                        =             AB + Cin(HA_sum_1)

Cout                        =             HA_C_1 + HA_C_2                   (HA_C_1; carry out of first adder whose input is A,B

 HA_C_2; carry out of the second adder whose input is Cin,HA_sum_1)

According to the equation of Sum and Cout. the schematic of a full adder using half adder is given below.

Full Adder using universal gates
Full Adder using NAND Gates

We have designed half adders using NAND gates.

We will use NAND gate half adder in the cascaded setup as discussed above.

Sum                              =             Sum of second half adder

Cout                                       =             HA_C_1 + HA_C_2

Cout                                     =             (HA_C_1 + HA_C_2)’

Cout                                     =             (HA_C_1)’ & (HA_C_2)’

Cout                                     =             {(HA_C_1)’ & (HA_C_2)’}’

In “NAND half adder carry out” schematic, “carry out” has been inverted at the end. We will bypass the inverter and feed it to NAND gate as shown in the expression above.

Full adder using NOR Gates

For NOR gate we will use NOR gate half adders.

Sum                        =             Sum of second half adder

Cout                        =             HA_C_1 + HA_C_2

Cout’                       =             (HA_C_1 + HA_C_2)’

Cout‘’                      =             (HA_C_1 + HA_C_2)’’

Thus the schematic for Full adder using NOR gate will be :

These full adders can be used for adding ‘n’ bit number sif ‘n’ number of full adders are connected in a cascaded setup with cout connected to the Cin of the next full adder.

4-bit Full adder

n’ bit adder can be made using ‘n’ full adders in series. This way, 4-bit adder can be made using 4 full adders.

Each full adder for separate bit addition and Cout of one adder will be fed to the succeeding adder’s Cin and the last Adder’s Cout will be the Cout of 4-bit adder.Each full adder will give single bit of Sum as output.

The Cin of the first Full adder will be hard wired to the ground (0).

4-bit Full adder

Digital Binary Subtractor

A combinational digital device capable of subtracting the second binary number forms the first one is called digital Subtractor.

First, we will discuss how subtraction works.

Consider two numbers A and B being subtracted.

OUT        =             A – B

OUT        =             A + (-B)

This equation means that these numbers are added together like in adder but the second number is negative of itself.

In Binary system the negative of a number is 2’s complement of that number.

To take 2’s complement of a number; first, we need to invert all the bits of that number this inversion is known as 1’s complement. And then add 1 with it as shown below.

                                          B              =             B3B2B1B0

1’s complement               B              =             B̅3210                     

2’s complement               B              =             B̅321+ 1

The MSB of signed number is sign bit. It is 1 for negative sign and 0 for positive,

Thus we need to invert the 2nd input of Adder and set Cinto “1” to get added in B for subtraction as shown in the figure below.

Digital Subtractor

We can use adder as subtractor if we make Cin input as a selector between addition and subtraction. And we use a multiplexer (input line selector) for the second input.

If Cin is low ”0” ; it will select B as input thus addition will occur.

If Cin is high ”1” ; it will select B̅ as input and Cin will get added in, thus subtraction will occur.

Digital Subtraction using 4-bit Full Adder

Schematic of Half and full Subtractor

Schematic of Half and full Subtractor and logical equation

Logical Equation for Half Adder and Full Adder.

D = A ⊕ B and W = Ā B

Adder and Subtractor

Simulation diagrams of Adder and Subtractor is given below.

Binary Adder IC Configuration & Pin out.

Some of Adder ICs with pin configuration is given below:

Applications of Adders and Subtractor

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